"In part, it's a numbers game," said former Rockstar Games PR man Todd Zuniga on deciding which media outlet to give coverage. "Otherwise, it's history. Who wrote negatively about the games, and who hasn't? We never worked with [gaming website] GameSpot while I was there because 'they just didn't get it.' Same with Wired [magazine] because of a story in 2002 by a writer who now teaches high school in Indiana."

Zuniga was particularly critical of Rockstar: "Our bosses tried to intimidate us into doing everything we could [to change a review score]--it was total mental warfare. The big guys knew in their hearts that we couldn't change a journalist's mind, but they still pushed hard for us to try, just in case we could."

Flagship's Tricia Gray has had similar experiences: "I've felt bullied by superiors in the past to get review scores altered... So, I told this potential employer that I'd like to strike this particular review bonus from my contract. That's not my job. I don't sway scores. I inform. I advertise. I even spin and investigate... I do not threaten, bribe, kill, et cetera."

"Even the lamest line of text that didn't praise the game would be viewed as a sleight," added Zuniga. "If a preview read 99.9% positive, they'd labor over how to 'fix' that .1%. It was ridiculous and frustrating. 'Ban IGN, let's go with 1up! Wait, 1up said something .2% bad--ban 1up! GameSpot's already banned--what now?' It just felt like the blind leading the blind."

Kotaku is given as one example of a media outlet having to deal with blackballing, a term used to describe the denial of access a company employs as a means of retribution against a media outlet.

After Kotaku's Brian Crecente broke a story on Sony's PlayStation Home, he received an email from Sony PR head David Karraker: "I can't defend outlets that can't work cooperatively with us. So, it is for this reason that we will be canceling all further interviews for Kotaku staff at GDC and will be dis-inviting you to our media event next Tuesday. Until we can find a way to work better together, information provided to your site will only be that found in the public forum..."

Crescente isn't upset about the email, however. "I posted it because I thought it provided an interesting glimpse into the way things are done in the industry," he told Gamasutra. "Not the blackballing part, but the fact that they were so surprised that I wouldn't just not run the story because they asked me. I'm not saying they did anything wrong."

While blackballing seems to get a certain message across, veteran publicist Laura Heeb Mustard recommends another strategy. "While there are many ways to attempt to persuade a journalist to hold on a story, one way I would not recommend is by trying to bully them into not reporting the item," she remarked. "While there are some outlets that may retreat in fear of being cut off, there are others that will retaliate against your threats. Now, they're in a position of scooping your news—with the added bonus of a juicy story about how you tried to strong-arm them."